The Effects Of Autism On Children s Children - 1076 Words

Meghan Egan English 1010 Dr. Dugger 18 February 2016 Autistic Children Life can be troubling, confusing, aggravating, although it can also be delightful, happy, and relaxing. Knowing someone with autism can lead to more confusion, but a child that has autism can be even worse. Commonly people aren’t aware that their child is autistic or that someone around them is autistic. Classifying children as autistic is done correctly and incorrectly every day, because autism has just become recognized and isn’t commonly known by most people and doctors recently. There are many different views on autism, whether it is classified to the children correctly or incorrectly using the DSM-5, and if autism is treated effectively. Autism is the general term†¦show more content†¦There’s the theory of issues with mother’s pregnancy. Such as the age of the mother, illnesses the mother has, low birth weight of the mother, and difficulty during the time of birth can be combined in different ways and can cause different levels of autism. There could be issues in the brain that could have started at the when the child was a baby. There can be different chemical connections that don t connect correctly. There has also been a number of genes that have been known to improve the chances of autism. For example, families that have twins are more likely to have children with autism, especially if they are identical twins (â€Å"Autism Spectrum Fact Sheet†). Since there isn’t a certain type of autism then, that means there isn’t a cure for autism. In other words, there is no cure for autism. Therapies, therapists, interventions, and medication can maybe help the child’s autistic issues. Some ways can help or they can do nothing for the child. For example, my nine year old brother has autism. He ranges from the speech impediment side of disorders on the autism spectrum to the extreme emotional anger side of the spectrum for autism. He is on four different medications in the morning and three different medications at night. The medication does help, depending on the time of day. Just like normal medication, his medication takes about thirty minutes to an hour to affect his behavior. Once in a while my

Analysis Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre - 2054 Words

Repression and regression are the manifestations of the struggles that the superego and the id impose on themselves or are imposed by. Those who represent the superego have a focus on the future, and believe that a life dense with the repression of any desire will serve them well for some greater purpose that others may not understand. In contrast, those who represent the id are obsessed with the present and consumed by desire and materialism, resulting in their inevitable self-destruction. In Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s gothic novel, Jane Eyre, Brontà « creates a multitude of characters that represent the extremes of the id and the superego to contrast with Jane’s more balanced, ego-dominated self in order to reveal the dangers of falling out of†¦show more content†¦While this makes it seem like John Reed was entirely at fault, as is the case with most self-destructive id personalities, they had an improper upbringing, a failure on the part of their parents to curb their nasty, materialistic selves before the situation spiraled out of control in adulthood. In Jane Eyre specifically, Mrs. Reed never confronted her son on his behavior, and allowed him to do things like skip school for unhealthy amounts of time and funding his gambling addiction (at least, while she could). John Reed, being dominated by his id, was in no way forced to grow out of the child-like id state, and so it engulfed every aspect of his life, even until his death. And while Jane Eyre presented this sort of self-destruction in a very typical, â€Å"pressured by society† matter, there’s also a character that is the actual physical embodiment of the id: Bertha. Rochester’s ex-wife, not by the choices she made, but by the condition she was born with, was reduced to animalistic tendencies and behaviors: â€Å"What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight, tell: it grovelled, seemingly, on all fours; it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing, and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face.† She was the id, body and soul. The id is an animal, and that is exactly whatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1110 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered equal to men. They have not been since the beginning and although we say they are now, many would probably disagree. Charlotte Brontà « was no exception to this rule- she knew that society expected women to fit into a specific category rather than be their own individuals and she expressed her frustration towards this in Jane Eyre. Within this brief passage, Charlotte Brontà « elegantly employs symbolism, allusions, and diction in order to assert Jane’s determination to stay true to herself, despiteRead MoreAnalysis Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 1245 Words   |  5 Pagesjust two examples of how Charlotte Bronte used the narrator to address the reader. In the novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte has the narrator address the reader as a friend to show compassion for her situation, to be understanding, and to make an argument. Charlotte Bronte refers to the reader threw out the novel in order to show the progression of the book. While this story is about someones life there is an essence of Jane telling us this story of her life in her old age. Jane throughout the novel isRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1374 Words   |  6 PagesJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Within the specter of the Gothic fictions arises the atmosphere of gloom, terror, and mystery with some elements of uncanny challenging reality. One major characteristic function of the Gothic fictions is to open the fiction to the realm of the irrational and perverse narratives, obsessions, and nightmarish terrors that hide beneath the literally civilized mindset in order to demonstrate the presence of the uncanny existing in the world known rationally through experienceRead MoreVictorian Schools Using Hard Times And Jane Eyre916 Words   |  4 PagesUnfair Treatment (An analysis of Victorian schools using Hard Times and Jane Eyre) The Victorian Era was a time of much turmoil. Through the reign of Queen Victoria there were many aspects of society that took a standstill and some may say, declined. Education is a tremendous example of the stand still in the British society, showing the negative approaches to teaching. Preston Barker wrote about the conditions of victorian schools explaining, â€Å"Children soon learnt to do what the teacher asked, otherwiseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Second Child And Maria Branswell S Fifth Child2059 Words   |  9 Pagesbirth, the Bronte-Branswell family moved to another part of Yorkshire known as Haworth so her father had been given the opportunity of being perpetual curate to the S., Michael and All Angels Church. However while in Haworth, a deep tragedy stroke the family on September 15, 1821 when their loving mother had died of cancer. The family wasn’t fully abandoned for the sister of Maria, Elizabeth Branwell, had greatly helped Patrick on raising his five d aughters, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Emily, andRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Emily, Wuthering Heights, And Jane Eyre924 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis The novels Emma, Wuthering Heights, and Jane Eyre were written by women in the 1800’s. The three writers chose to write and publish their novels under a different name from their own. Emma was written by Jane Austen, and published anonymously in 1815 (Behrens and Rosen 361). Emily Brontà « wrote Wuthering Heights, and was published in 1847 under the name Ellis Bell (Behrens and Rosen 368). The author of Jane Eyre, who was also the sister of Emily Brontà «, was Charlotte Brontà «. This novelRead MoreThe Upbringing Of Orphans By Charles Dickens And Jane Eyre1714 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the injustices of the conditions of the orphans. The novels Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens 1838 and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte 1847 depicted much of the 19th century working class and illustrated the treatment of orphans with different socio-economic perspectives. The role of the two orphans in the novels (Oliver and Jane) leads the reader through a maze of experiences, encountering li fe s threats and grasping its opportunities. The novels show an insight of the two characters with a commonRead MoreJane Eyre : A Fight For Women s Equality1749 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre: A Fight for Women’s Equality Feminism: the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men (dictionary.com). Throughout history, women have fought for and struggled with gaining full and absolute equality in society--which has proven to be difficult in the long-cultivated patriarchal society that we still live in today. In modern times, women continue to be paid less than men, are vastly underrepresented, and face many forms of violence aroundRead MoreFeminism in Jane Eyre1423 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism in Jane Eyre Jay Sheldon Feminism has been a prominent and controversial topic in writings for the past two centuries. With novels such as Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, or even William Shakespeares Macbeth the fascination over this subject by authors is evident. In Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre the main character, Jane Eyre, explores the depth at which women may act in society and finds her own boundaries in Victorian England. As well, along with the notions of feminism oftenRead More Movie - Feminist Themes in Jane Eyre, Novel and Film Versions2260 Words   |  10 PagesAn Analysis of Feminist Themes in Jane Eyre and its Film Versions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Concern for womens rights dates from the Enlightenment, when the liberal, egalitarian, and reformist ideals of that period began to be extended from the bourgeoisie, peasants, and urban laborers to women as well. As did most interest groups of the time, feminists gained force and stability through its writing. The periods blossoming ideas concerning womens rights were fully set forth in Judith Murray’s On the

Online Shopping Acceptance Model

Question: Discuss about the Online Shopping Acceptance Model. Answer: Introduction: Online shopping is done from home or office where a person can conveniently use the computer for searching goods online. As in case of online shopping, the purchasing is done through an Internet website, location does not play a significant role in this case. These days, online shopping has become very common. As a result of the convenience it offers, a lot of people shop online for different items like clothes, books or even tickets for movies and concerts. As these online retailers are starting to take over the industry, a question is being asked that what is the impact of online shopping on the retail industry. In order to deal with this issue, it is important to have a look at the advantages and disadvantages that are associated with online shopping. Advantages of Online Shopping: It cannot be denied that online shopping provides certain advantages to its customers. These advantages include convenience, better price, more options and C2C. but at the same time, it also needs to be mentioned that there is certain disadvantages present for the customers in case of online shopping (Kothari, 2010). These include shipping, which is time consuming and may damage the product during transit, misleading pictures, social interaction and security. It cannot be denied that online shopping provides the advantage of convenience to the customers. In case of online shopping, the customers are not required to step outside and go to a shop but the product can be purchased by then simply by a click of their fingers (Dobbs, Chen, Orr, Manyika and Chang, 2013). Similarly, in case of online shopping, the customers can have a look at the products offered by different online retailers at the same time and as a result they can get better quality at a lower price (Tripathi, 2007). Parti cularly the persons who are living in a big city and do not own their own convenience like a car, online shopping could be the best way to purchase different things conveniently. In the same way, in many cases, online shopping also presents the advantage of privacy (Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg, 2006). The reason is that in case of online shopping, the consumers can purchase whatever they want but they are not required to meet people face-to-face. In the same way, as people are becoming more and more familiar with these technologies, it is easy for a person to be a customer or even to be a supplier (Smith and Rupp, 2003). Certain Disadvantages: At this point, it is worth mentioning that online shopping has some advantages as well as certain disadvantages for the retailers. The advantages for the retailers include that online shopping has less cost than physical stores, the orders can be accepted by the retailers 24x7 and hence the sales volume may increase and in the same way, it is easy to advertise (Bellman, Lohse and Johnson, 1999). But online shopping also has certain disadvantages for the retailers. Therefore in this case, returning the product is too easy for the customers and C2C is also too common in this case. In case of online shopping, it is easier for the retailers manage the business. They only need a warehouse and office, hire some persons to start their online retail business. Along with it, the cost of running the business is also low as compared to running a physical store. The reason is that in case of online retail, stores are not required to be opened at various locations for the purpose of finding the customers and as a result, the retailers do not have to pay any event for these stores and similarly they do not need to pay to the employees that have to be hired for managing these stores (Liang and Huang, 1998). The event can be considerably high at some expensive locations. Another benefit available in case of online retail is that the online store can be open 24x7. As a result, the online retail business can be exposed to the consumers at all times to cater to the needs of different customer groups (Stephen and Toubia, 2009). However, it also needs to be noted that the online retailers should immediately adapt to the changes taking place at all times in order to fulfill the needs of the customers. For example, in case of online shopping, it is easy for the consumers to return the goods. Therefore, there are chances that some consumers may take an undue advantage of this service by buying a lot of clothes, trying them on and probably attending some functions and then decide to return them (Zhou, Dai and Zhang, 2007). Although it is reasonable that the consumers may want to try on clothes and they also want a right to return the clothes if they do not fit properly but in such a case, a lot of extra work will be created for the online retailers and it will lower the efficiency. Therefore, it is always advisable that such situations should be considered while planning the business policies. Therefore, such situations should be managed to very carefully by the retailers so that they can reduce unnecessarily re turn processing and at the same time, make sure that the service quality is not lowered (Mellahi and Johnson, 2000). Conclusion: In the end, it can be said that online shopping is witnessing an unparalleled expansion, particularly during the last decade. Therefore, what was only a few percent 10 years ago, has became nearly to the person in case of certain categories of products and the Internet is being considered as a major sales channel in B2C trade and commerce. This expansion has been further fueled by the process of globalization. But, while there are a number of advantages that are present in case of online shopping, there are certain disadvantages also. References Bellman, S., G. L. Lohse, and E. J. Johnson, (1999) Predictors of Online Buying Behavior, Communications of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery), Vol. 42, No, 12: 32-38 Kothari, C. R., (2010) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, 2nd Revised Edition, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers Liang, T. P. and J. S. Huang, (1998) An Empirical Study on Consumer Acceptance of Products in Electronic Markets: A Transaction Cost Model, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 24: 29-43 Mellahi, K., Johnson, M. (2000), 'Does it pay to be a first mover in e.commerce? The case of Amazon.com, Management Decision, Vol.38, pp.445-452. Richard Dobbs, Yougang Chen, Gordon Orr, James Manyika, Micheal Chui, Elsie Chang, (2013) Chinas e-tail revolution: Online shopping as a catalyst for growth, McKinsey Co Smith, A., D., Rupp, W., T. (2003), 'Strategic online customer decision making: leveraging the transformational power of the Internet', Online Information Review, Vol.27(6), pp.418-432 Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S., Hogg, M., K. (2006), Consumer Behaviour, A European Perspective, (3rd Edition), Essex: Pearson Educated Stephen, A., T., Toubia, O. (2009), 'Explaining the power-law degree distribution in a social commerce network', Social Networks, Vol.31(4), pp.262-270 Tripathi, P. C., (2007) Research Methodology in Social Sciences, 6th Revised and Enlarged Edition, Sultan Chand Sons Zhou, L., L. Dai, and D. Zhang, (2007) Online Shopping Acceptance Model A Critical Survey of Consumer Factors in Online Shopping, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 8, No. 1:41-62

The play is called Othello and it is a tragedy Essay Example For Students

The play is called Othello and it is a tragedy Essay The play is called Othello and it is a tragedy. In this play the main character is tricked into killing his wife for another mans gain. I will answer the question Is Othello a noble hero or an easily tricked fool. This play is really picking up on the fact that many people before and during Shakespeares time believed that moors were more prone to jealously than white people. I believe that Shakespeare got his main ideas about the novel Othello from The story of Disdemona of Venice and The Moorish Captain which was published in 1566 and has all the basic principles of the story Othello. We will write a custom essay on The play is called Othello and it is a tragedy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Othello is one of Shakespeares more complicated characters, at the start of the play everyone cannot speak well of him enough because he lets the noble side of his personality rule his actions and is kind and everyone likes him, however Iago plays with his emotions and plants false suspicions, which in fact Iago is helping to create, by giving subtle hints about a romance between Cassio and Desdemona, I think this because in Act III Scene III, when Cassio stops speaking to Desdemona and leaves as quickly as possible because he feels shame by his actions, but Iago seeing a chance to further his plan, claims it could be another reason. Othello asks Iago if that is Cassio leaving to which he replies Cassio my lord? No, sure, I cannot think it. That he would sneak away so guilty-like, seeing you coming. Another person who is made to look the fool is Roderigo who unwittingly helps Iago in his plans because he thinks he is doing it to help him get Desdemona back whom he lost to Othello but he is doing it for his own personal gain. Also Cassio has been a fool because he is one of the main people who trusts Iago even though he is the one who got him demoted, and believes everything he says and constantly calls him honest Iago. Most people in the play are fools because they all believe Iago is honest and true. If I were to compare Othello to another one of Shakespeares characters like Macbeth, the differences wouldnt be that great compared to the similarities. Both Othello and Macbeth killed someone, even though they were pushed into it and the hints were subtle or straight out. Othello killed Desdemona because of all the suspicions created by Iago and Macbeth killed King Duncan because his wife forced him to, also both murders happened at night night was the sign of evil while the victims were in bed, however when Macbeth killed King Duncan storms were happening to signify an evil deed and nothing like this happened in Othello. Both were overcome with jealousy and suspicion. Othello was jealous because apparently Cassio was committing adultery with his wife and Macbeth was jealous because King Duncan had more power than him. They were both noble fighters and commanded their own army; also everyone spoke highly of them. Although Othello was black he still got the same respect as Macbeth did as a white person and I think what Shakespeare was picking up on in the first few scenes was the fact that the colour of someones skin is not important because its whats underneath that counts but then he reverts back to what the view of black people was in those times, that they were apparently very prone to jealousy. The Elizabethan stages contained no scenery, which meant the burden of expounding the action rested firmly on the dramatists and actors combined powers to create a sense of place and atmosphere, through language. We should not be blind to the wide variety of expression that the play uses, ranging from the formal and magnificent utterances of the hero himself, to a more flexible language not unlike the speech used everyday. The variations in style fulfil a dramatic purpose, and we should see them as part of the wider formal structure of the play. .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 , .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 .postImageUrl , .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 , .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127:hover , .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127:visited , .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127:active { border:0!important; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127:active , .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127 .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u938f13bcc59836b131dfb0cbfc30d127:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Crucible - What does the play have to offer an audience in Perth, Western Australia in 1996 EssayOthellos speech differs from the time near the start of the play when he defends his marriage to the time he contemplates the adultery of Desdemona and Cassio Lie with her, lie on her? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"We say lie on her, when they belie her-lie with her, zounds, thats fulsome! Handkerchief à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"confessions -handkerchief! To confessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Pish! Noses, ears and lips. Ist possible? Confess? -Handkerchief? -O devil! These quotes show the mental turmoil that Othello is going through thanks to Iago. The Elizabethan stages contained none or very little scenery, which meant that creating a scene in the audiences mind and creating an atmosphere, which meant that the lines the characters speak has to be perfect for the moments in which they are uttered. Othellos speeches differ from the start of the play to the end of the play. At the start his speeches are compelling and commanding when he defends his marriage and at the end his speeches are spiteful and out to hurt people, he also repeats words to let them sink in. When he contemplates the adultery of Desdemona and Cassio he says, Lie with her, lie on her? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"We say lie on her, when they belie her-lie with her, zounds, thats fulsome! Handkerchief à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"confessions -handkerchief! To confessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Pish! Noses, ears and lips. Ist possible? Confess? -Handkerchief? -O devil! These quotes show the mental turmoil that Othello is going through thanks to Iago. Othello is often viewed as a hero because of his significant position at the helm of the Venetian army and the fact that all the most important people value his opinion over many people who are considered more important than him, which is the significance of his power. Many people who watched the play when it was showing at the theatre would probably have expected the black person to be a servant or something low like that and I think it would have been quite a shock to see someone they considered to be on a lower rung of the social ladder being asked for his opinions on all these important matters by senators and other important people. Through the course of the play, you get to hear many different opinions of Othello like But he, as loving his own pride and purpose, evades them with a bombastic circumstance, horribly stuffd with epithets of war and Even now, now, very now, an old black ram, Is topping your white ewe. The things Othello says before he has been led down the path of jealousy are more noble and are better presented because when he is getting jealous all of his speeches are all about the same thing Desdemona and Cassio and affairs and they all have the same structure of insults and it would have been better if they had had more meaning to them or better language. There are many moral and philosophical aspects of the play. Othello was written in 1604 and 400 years on the plays topicality resounds. We still live in a society all too familiar with many of the plays themes Prejudice Stereotypes Jealousy Clashes of different cultures Racism Tarnished reputations and disgraced public figures Rifts between parents and children If we were to look at racism today, a recent survey showed that four out of ten whites do not want a black neighbour and another survey showed that 39% of people black and white asked would prefer to live in an area where only people of the same ethnic background lived. An Internet search on google for jealous husband produced around 379,000 results. The first three were A suspected car bomb in Austria turned out to be a tracking device installed by a jealous husband Jealous husband blows up kindergarten, meaning to punish wife A jealous husband kills his rival with a sawn-off shotgun The last two are particularly related to Othello because he is a jealous husband and kills her to punish her and he tries to kill Cassio because he thinks he is a rival for Desdemona. .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 , .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 .postImageUrl , .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 , .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6:hover , .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6:visited , .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6:active { border:0!important; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6:active , .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6 .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf0399b1e0b8db58398c6e8fac0b68aa6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The play is set in the Birling's house; as it is a safe place where life is secure and sheltered EssayThe human nature of this play is all about jealousy and it is telling you to make sure, that before you get angry and overcome with emotion, make sure you have thought everything through and have looked at all the facts and other peoples opinions, make sure you know whose opinions you can trust. It is showing how irrational jealousy can make you be when you are in love and dont have any facts to back it up and have to go on instincts. This play refers to good and evil as white being good and black being bad. In most of Shakespeares plays, most of the bad things always happen at night because they associated night with evil. They still have good and evil nowadays but it is not in the form of black and white it is now in your religion and country. If you were a Slovakian Christian you are most likely to not be suspected for anything like terrorism, however if you were a Muslim from Iraq, in countries like America and England any suspicious behaviour and the police would search you. This is unfair, just because a group of people from one country have done something bad, it does not mean we should condemn the rest of the country. I think Othello is an easily tricked fool because although Iagos plan was a very good one and well executed, if Othello was clever enough to become commander of an entire army he should have seen through all the lies, also if he really knew and loved Desdemona then he would have believed her when she said she was not guilty of adultery with Cassio. The fact it came with someone he knew and cared for did not help at all, and inevitably having this trust made it easier for Othello to believe Iagos lies.

Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris Essay Example

Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris Paper According to Table , Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris showed fermentative activity. However Proteus vulgaris only showed it for glucose, while E.coli showed it for all three of the carbohydrates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed no fermentation. In table 3, the only bacteria which showed a production of indole was Escherichia coli. This is because E. Coli has the enzyme tryptophanase that can degrade the amino acid tryptophan into indole, pyruvic acid and ammonia. (Madigan and Thomas, 2009)The idole produced by the bacteria binded with the p-dimethlyaminobenzaldehyde in the reagent to produce the red compound. (Madigan and Thomas, 2009) In table 5, the Proteus vulagris was the only positive bacteria for the urease test. This means that Proteus vulagris is a rapid urease-positive organism. The restrictive amount of nutrients coupled with the use of pH buffers prevent all but rapid urease-positive organisms from producing enough ammonia to turn the phenol red pink. (Madigan and Thomas, 2009) The Urease broth can be used to differentiate members of the genus Proteus. In table 7, the proteus vulgaris is the only positive bacteria. The reason for this result is that Proteus Vulgaris is positive in the hydrogen sulfide test because it can undergo anaerobic respiration using Sulfur as an electron acceptor. (Madigan and Thomas, 2009)In table 9, Bacillus subtilis showed positive result on the starch hydrolysis whereas Escherichia coli did not. Starch hydrolysis requires the presence of exoenzyme amylase to hydrolyze starch into smaller polysaccharides. (Madigan and Thomas, 2009) Positive result of starch hyrdrolysis showed the ability of the mircoorgism to produce amylase. In table 11, showed that all of the bacteria are capable of producing catalase. Hydrogen peroxide is an superoxide which is able to be degraded by catalase. All of the bacteria where able to produce the enzyme to degrade it. In the oxidase test only Pseudomonas aeruginosa had a positive result. This is because it is the only microorganism out of the others which has oxidase. We will write a custom essay sample on Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This means it takes part in cytochrome oxidase activity. Oxidase activates the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by molecular oxygen in aerobic organisms during electron transport. (Madigan and Thomas, 2009) Oxidized cytochrome c transfers molecular oxygen to tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine when the reagent is added to growth of an oxidase positive organism. (Madigan and Thomas, 2009) This experiment has the possibility of human error. Mistakes could have been made by failing to sterilize the inoculating loop correctly, which would result in possible contamination of the sample. Another error could have been possibly occurred by mislabeling the plates according to species, which would produce invalid results. In conclusion the experiment was successful. I learned to distinguish species of bacteria by cultivating in different media and doing some tests. I also practised the proper techniques of testing for fermentation of carbohydrates, production of indole, activity of urease, production of hydrogen sulfide, evidence of amylase activity, evidence of lipase activity, and evidence of protease activity. References Department of Biology, 2010, Biology 130 Fundamentals of Microbiology Laboratory Manual. University of Waterloo, Waterloo pp. 23 32. Goldman, Emanuel, and Lorrence H. Green. Practical Handbook of Microbiology. Boca Raton: CRC, 2009. Print. Madigan, Michael T., and Thomas D. Brock. Brock biology of microorganisms . 12th ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Print. Observing Plates. Biology @ Davidson. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2010. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/dawessner/302/302Lab3.html.

Free Essays on Nickel And Dimed

Tiffany Torrez Since the earliest days America has been thought of as a land of opportunity and a place in which people could escape religious persecution. America was one of the few places in the 1800’s where people were able to increase their social and economical status. Everything about America was enticing so many people moved here. One problem that people in other countries faced was that there was no religious freedom. According to the Maryland Act of Tolerance the United States would promise religious freedom to all Catholics and Protestants (1). Another factor that drove people out of their countries was that fact that in many countries there were civil wars going on. If you were caught on the wrong side of a civil war you would be imprisoned or evened killed (3). There were also a variety of jobs available in America as opposed to other countries where it was near impossible to find any job (2). Immigrants viewed America as a land of opportunity because it was possible to pursue their dreams. Peasants who could never own their own land could buy land and make money (4). A completely free education was another attraction that America had to offer. This was so good because if someone got an education they were able to go to college and get a real job and make a decent amount of money. In other countries school was a luxury for only wealthy kids (5). There were numerous types of jobs such as blacksmith, wheelwright, cooper, ECT. Since the beginning there was always something for everyone in America. Weather it were a good factor about the U.S. or a bad factor about their country something always encouraged people to come here At the turn of the century, immigrants steamed into Ellis Island to escape political Persecution, Religious Persecution and poverty, in exchange for "Life Liberty, and Pursuit of Happi... Free Essays on Nickel And Dimed Free Essays on Nickel And Dimed Tiffany Torrez Since the earliest days America has been thought of as a land of opportunity and a place in which people could escape religious persecution. America was one of the few places in the 1800’s where people were able to increase their social and economical status. Everything about America was enticing so many people moved here. One problem that people in other countries faced was that there was no religious freedom. According to the Maryland Act of Tolerance the United States would promise religious freedom to all Catholics and Protestants (1). Another factor that drove people out of their countries was that fact that in many countries there were civil wars going on. If you were caught on the wrong side of a civil war you would be imprisoned or evened killed (3). There were also a variety of jobs available in America as opposed to other countries where it was near impossible to find any job (2). Immigrants viewed America as a land of opportunity because it was possible to pursue their dreams. Peasants who could never own their own land could buy land and make money (4). A completely free education was another attraction that America had to offer. This was so good because if someone got an education they were able to go to college and get a real job and make a decent amount of money. In other countries school was a luxury for only wealthy kids (5). There were numerous types of jobs such as blacksmith, wheelwright, cooper, ECT. Since the beginning there was always something for everyone in America. Weather it were a good factor about the U.S. or a bad factor about their country something always encouraged people to come here At the turn of the century, immigrants steamed into Ellis Island to escape political Persecution, Religious Persecution and poverty, in exchange for "Life Liberty, and Pursuit of Happi...

Information technology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Information technology - Term Paper Example The areas of responsibility of the IT Manager include but not limited to the IT Project Management, Computer Network and Server Administration, compliance of Information Technology and procedures, Information Security, moreover, the responsibility of automating a company by implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) including diverse departments (finance, sales & marketing, procurement, operations, inventory etc.) of a company. However, a lead IT Manager can also be responsible for the developing and implementing information technology policy, strategic direction and planning for implementing information technology standards in a company by utilizing human and technical resources. One of the known definitions of the management is â€Å"getting things done through other people† (The Big Geek, 2010). It would be a great opportunity for me to work as Lead Information Technology Manager in Magnum Enterprises. Keeping in view the diverse roles of the lead IT manager and the pu rpose of Magnum Enterprises for hiring me, I would like to discuss on integrating the software, hardware and business management capabilities. I believe that the role of IT Management includes: the research and development by understanding the IT requirements of the company and implementing software and deploying hardware so that the company should be able to enhance productivity. In order to achieve my objective, I need to work on developing the policies, action plans keeping in view the operations of the company. The IT policy and strategic plans should be in accordance to the company’s priorities so that the company would able to achieve its predefined goals. Actually, the IT is utilized to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the company’s business processes by developing and utilizing software applications / products so that the customer’s of the company should get quality services. Once the company would be able to achieve customer satisfaction, the company would ultimately get increase profitability and competitiveness. It is significant to know the goal, objectives and mission statement of the company before developing any strategy. Therefore, primarily I will review the company’s goals and objectives to keep myself informed of the priorities of the Magnum Enterprise. It will not only give me the right direction but also guide me to take informed decisions. It is important to investigate the business process of the Magnum Enterprises, moreover, the current IT infrastructure, provision of services to the customers, the prevailing IT standards and procedures. One of the important responsibilities of the lead IT manager is to communicate with all the stakeholders. Furthermore, I believe that the lead IT manager is a mediator between the company’s senior management and the team, therefore, it is equivalently significant that I should know the tools required for reporting to the senior management / Chief Information Officer (CIO) – Ms. Rachel Heigl. Furthermore, the current job roles of the team so that I could be able to assign the tasks to my team. It is primarily the responsibility of the lead IT manager to motivate, inform and utilize the team in an appropriate manner so that the team would be occupied to achieve the company’

E-Business in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E-Business in the United States - Essay Example In Drucker's account, technology and the invention of calculating machines, in particular the computer, are central to the progress of society through the three revolutions outlined above. Traditional factors of production - land, capital and labour - have become secondary to knowledge. As long as there is specialized knowledge these factors can be obtained. In this view, company transactions become weightless. For example, the value of Coca-cola is tied not to the value of production of a fizzy drink, but the power the brand exercises in the market place. In the above mentioned context, it is reasonable to compare the building of the interstate highway system in the United States between 1956 and 1976 and the Internet as innovations. The interstate and Internet are both network innovations. The former transformed the economic geography of the United States, promoting lower transport costs, greater market access, outward mobility into the suburbs and the rise of the local shopping mall. While the Internet offers a wider selection and a greater ability to search, the delivery of goods is not immediate. Consequently, Internet marketing may not be superior to the marketing of the conventional shopping malls. The Internet remains part of the long march of creating innovations, but like all technology it is the nature of human inventiveness that makes them beneficial. The period of building the interstate system coincides with an annual average 1.6 per cent growth in real earnings on the Standard & Poor's 500 index of the financial performance of the top 500 US companies. Despite the enormous impact of the interstate on the economic geography of the United States why were these earnings not higher The answer according to Schiller was that the interstate system was just another innovation along the path of inventiveness. Similarly, evidence from McKinsey & Co., the international consultancy, shows that the impact of new technology, including the Internet, on productivity in the United States in the late 1990s was much less than was believed at the time (McKinsey 2001). The relationship between technological change, economic growth, increased productivity and profits is much more complex and indirect than the easy direct relationship suggested by some popular commentators. In the past decade the service sector has been in the forefront of investment in new technologies in the advanced economies. But executives have been deluded: the payoffs have not been fully realized: The primary reason is that technology alone does not determine corporate performance and profitability. Employee skills and capabilities play a large role, as do the structure of day-to-day operations and the company's policies and procedures. In addition, the organisation must be flexible enough to respond to an increasingly dynamic environment. And products must meet customer requirements. (Hackett 1994:21) These observations act as a health warning to the business environment for e-Commerce. This warning is not posted to suggest that Internet-based transactions will fail to deliver material benefits to producers and consumers alike. Rather, they act to signpost the difficulties associated with claims that we now live in a new business, economic and social order. This paper attempts to explain the context in which e-Commerce has developed and the difficulty faced by companies that believe the

Credit Markets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Credit Markets - Research Paper Example The next step in the treasury auction process is the bidding process, which entails the prospective buyers of the credit items making the bids, either through a process of competitive or noncompetitive bidding (Treasurydirect.gov, n.p.). The competitive bidding allows the prospective buyers to offer their bids competitively up to the maximum limited amount of securities, while in the noncompetitive bidding; the prospective buyers have to agree with the terms of the sale of the securities as set. The final process in the treasury auction process is the issuance stage, which is the stage where the bidders who successfully bid and were allocated securities in different categories have the securities delivered to them. When treasury delivers the securities to the bidders, it then charges the total amount of the cost of securities on the accounts of the successful bidders (Treasurydirect.gov, n.p.). 2. Discuss the activities of other major new debt-securities issuances (agency, municipal, foreign, and others) from collected articles, including lead underwriter(s), the amount of each issue, and other reported terms. Major new debt-securities issuances have been occurring in the USA credit market. Among the major new issuances in 2015 include the issuance of securities worth $483.615 million by the Washington Municipal (Thomson Reuters, n.p.). The Washington Municipal securities were preliminarily issued on February 10, 2015, with the Foster Pepper being the underwriters and also the bookkeepers (Thomson Reuters, n.p.). Another new security issuance includes that of the Michigan Finance Authority worth 197.535 million, which was issued on February 13 of this year, with the J P Morgan Securities LLC., being the underwriters (Thomson Reuters, n.p.). On the industrial front, OHR Pharmaceutical issued new securities worth $25.0 million on 5th February of this year, with Cowen Group being the underwriters (Thomson

Limitations Of Text Based Image Retrieval Psychology Essay

Limitations Of Text Based Image Retrieval Psychology Essay Sometimes a relevant image might be left out owed to the absence of specific keywords. While often there might be no relevant text surrounding the images or videos, but they are relevant. In fact, there might exist images or videos where the surrounding text has nothing to do with them. In these cases, these returned results might be irrelevant and have nothing in common with the required images and videos. The other approach uses the annotation of the images and vides and is often a manual task. The text-based technique first annotates with text, and then uses text-based retrieval techniques to perform image and video retrieval. Annotation of images and videos lets the user to annotate the image with the text (metadata) that is considered relevant. The text can be time, event, location, participants or whatever the user finds relevant. 2.6.1.1. Limitations of Text based Image Retrieval: Nevertheless, there exist two major difficulties, especially when the volume of image collections is large with hundreds of thousands samples. One is the huge amount of human labor required in manual image/video annotation and is very time-consuming. Textual based retrieval cannot append the perceptual significant visual features like color, shape, texture [Bimbo. 1999]. The other difficulty comes from the rich content in the images and the subjectivity of human perception which is more essential. The annotation of the image and videos completely depends on the annotation interpretation [Enser et al 1993] i.e. different people may perceive the same image differently as shown in the figure 3 . The perception subjectivity and annotation impreciseness may cause unrecoverable mismatches in later retrieval processes. And to retrieve the required data the user constructs a query consisting of the keywords that describes the desired image and video. Although the text based retrieval system has gained benefits of traditionally successful information retrieval algorithms and techniques. Figure 3: Multiple interpretation of same images Park like Tree, Sky, Horse, People, Ridding, Sunny Day, Outdoor Critics of text-based approach dispute that for accurate image annotation it must be automated. The automatic annotation is limited due to its deficiency of extracting semantic information from the images and videos. Only automatic annotation of images and videos in integration with pure text-based image retrieval will be inadequate. The available metadata is mostly restricted to the technical information surrounding the image or video, such as time, resolution of the image or video and name of the image or video. The users may find it difficult to use text to perform a query for some portion of the content of an image or video. Text-based retrieval techniques are absolutely limited to search the metadata that is tagged to the image or video. If the text queried is not annotated with the same tag as attached with the image or video, the data is not returned. This means that if a particular piece of the image or video is interesting this must be explicit included in the metadata. If the desired object is not a main part of the image or video, sometimes it may happen that is not described in the metadata and hence cannot be a retrieve as a result from a query describing such portions of the image or video. One of the disadvantages of text-based image retrieval is that a word can have different meanings. This problem is best illustrated with an example, searching for the images or videos of jaguar or Apple. The system cant differentiate either the user is looking for the jaguar car or jaguar animal as shown in the figure 4. The two concepts have the same name but contain an entirely different semantic idea. The retrieval systems dont have reliable ways to separate the concepts. These problems are present even in systems with automatic synonym lists or thesaurus capabilities [Schank et al. 2004]. There exist several text-based image retrieval services today, Google is a large player. Google is the largest player but still faces the same problem. Figure 4: Same name different Semantics Attempts have been made to make the tags attached to the image or videos more flexible by attaching vast number of descriptive words. The thesaurus based annotation or knowledge based annotation has gained much of the researchers attention [Tring et al. 2000]. Recent development in video retrieval has focused on models that combine several modalities for joint indexing and retrieval. Consideration to the demands, researchers concluded that visual features play a crucial role in the effective retrieval of digital data. This initiates to the development of the content based image and video retrieval [Venters et al. 2000]. 2.6.2. Content based Image Retrieval: The need to manage these images and locate target images in response to user queries has become a significant problem. One way to solve this problem would be describing the image by keywords. The keyword based approach has a bottleneck of manually annotating and classifying the images and videos, which is impractical for the overwhelm corpuses. The human perception subjectivity problem may affect the performance of the retrieval system. Current commercial image and video search engines retrieve the data mainly based on their keyword annotations or by other data attach with it, such as the file-name and surrounding text. This relinquishes the actual image and video more or less ignored and has been following limitations. First, the manual annotation of images requires significant effort and thus may not be practical for large image collections. Second, as the complexity of the images increases, capturing image content by text alone becomes increasingly more difficult. In seeking to overcome these limitations, content-based retrieval (CBR) was proposed in the early 1990s [Baeza-Yates et al. 1999]. Content-based means that the technology makes direct use of content of the image and video rather than relying on human annotation of metadata with keywords. Content-based retrieval (CBR) research endeavors to devise a retrieval system that exploits digital content in the retrieval process in a manner that is eventually independent of manual work. CBR is an umbrella term for content-based multimedia retrieval (CBMR), content based visual information retrieval (CBVIR), content-based image retrieval (CBIR), content-based video retrieval (CBVR) and content-based audio retrieval (CBAR). CBR may also be termed as multimedia information retrieval (MIR). Content based retrieval extract the feature of the image or video themselves and use it for retrieval rather than the user generated meat data. CBR uses the primitive features of the image and video like the color, shape, texture, motion etc. [Sharmin et al. 2002]. Content based system index the images and videos automatically by using different techniques for their visual contents. For the computer, a video is merely a group of frames with a temporal feature, where each frame is basically an image. The computer take each image as a combination of pixels characterize by the low-level color, shape and texture. CBR represents these features in the form of vectors called the descriptors of the image or video. CBR extract these primitive features by using automated techniques and then further use it for searching and retrieval. Thus, these low-level visual features extraction from images and videos has initiated to the many research in the CBR [Veltkamp et al 2000]. A typical CBIR system should be able to interpret the content of the images in a query and a collection, compare the similarity between them, and rank the images in the collection according to their degree of relevance to the users query [Tamura at al. 1984]. The figure 5 shows the typical content based retrieval system. Retrieval deals with the problem of finding the relevant data from the collection of images or videos according to the user request. The user request may be in the form of the textual data or in the form of query by example. Its relatively easy to extract the low level features from the images and videos in the query as well as in the collection and then compare it. Figure 5: Typical Architecture of Content Based Retrieval The paramount objective of CBR is efficiency during image and video search and retrieval, thereby reducing the need for human intervention. Computer can retrieve the images and videos by using CBR techniques from the large corpus without the human assumption. These low level extracted features then represent the image or video and these features are used later on for performing the similarity comparison between the other images or videos in the corpus. These extracted features serve like a signature for images and videos. Images and videos are compared by using different similarity comparison techniques. They are compared by calculating the dissimilarity of its characteristic components to other image or video descriptors. CBR approach shows substantial results with the queries like show me the images or videos of the red color, Show me the image with blue color is above the green color etc. The available automated CBR techniques deal such a type of queries elegantly but flunk to cope with the high level semantic queries like Show me the images or videos of the people in the park, people on the beach, car on the road etc. Such type of queries cannot be tackled successfully by the CBR systems. These queries require more sophisticated techniques to extract the actual semantics abstracted inside it. Related work in CBR from the perspective of images can be found from the overview studies of [Rui et al. 1999], [Smeulders et al. 2000], [Vasconcelos et al. 2001], [Eakins 2002], [Kherfi et al. 2004], [Datta et al. 2005] , [Chen et al. 2004], [Dunckley 2003], [Santini. 2001] [ Santini et al.2001], [Lew et al. 2001], and [Bimbo et al. 1999]. CBIR has received considerable research interest in the last decade [Vasconcelos et al. 2001] and has evolved and matured into a distinct research field. The CBIR mainly comprises of two main steps feature extraction and the similarity measurement. These key technical components of the CBIR system will be introduced in the following sections. 2.6.2.1. Feature Extraction: Images are described by visual words just like text is defined by textual words In fact, an image or a video frame is merely a rectangular grid of colored pixels for a computer. And to a computer an image doesnt mean anything, unless it is told how to interpret it. Image and video descriptors are intended for the motive of image or video retrieval. Descriptors seek to apprehend the image or video characteristics in such a way that it is facile for the retrieval system to identify how similar two images or videos are according to the users interest. CBR system index images or videos by using the low-level features of the image and videos itself, such as colour [Pass et al. 1998, Smith et al. 1996a, Swain et al. 1991], texture [Manjunath et al.1996, Sheikholeslami et al. 1994, Smith et al. 1996b], shape [Safar. M et al. 2000, Shahabi et al. 1999, Tao et al. 1999] , and structure features [Pickering et al. 2003, Howarth et al. 2005]. The color, shape and texture are the principal features of the images. The visual contents of images and videos are then symbolized a s a feature vector of floating numbers. For example, the colour, texture and shape features extracted from an image form an N-dimensional feature vector, and can be written as Where is a vector of its own, and is the colour, is texture and n3 is the shape. While for the video there is an additional vector, where is the motion. In the following section, we introduce the visual features to give an impression of how images and video framesncan be converted into a representation that the retrieval system can work with. 2.6.2.1.1. Color: A very common way to see at images is by analyzing the colors they contain. Colour is the most prominent visual feature in CBIR since it is well correlated with human visual perceptions of objects in an image. A digital colour image is represented as an array of pixels, where each pixel contains three or four tuples of colour components represented in a numerical form. The abstract mathematical representation of colours that computers are able to use is known as the colour model. The similarity between the images and the videos is calculated by using the color histogram value. The histogram depicts the specific values of the pixels inside the image or video frame. The current color based retrieval techniques divides the image into regions by using color proportion. The color based technique doesnt depend on the size and orientation of an image. Since 1980s various color based retrieval algorithms have been proposed [Smith et al. 1996 c]. A most basic form of color retrieval involves specifying color values that can be further used for retrieval. Indeed, Googles image and Picasa 3.0, can also provide the facility to the user to search the images that contain homogenous color composition. The most common representation of color information is in the form of color histogram and color moment. Color anglogram [Zhou X.S. et al. 2002], correlogram [Huang J. et al 1997], color co-occurrence matrix (CCM) [Shim S. et al. 2003] are some of the other feature representations for color. Figure 6: Color based image interpretation 2.6.2.1.1.1. Color Spaces: There are many color spaces designed for different systems and standards, but most of them can be converted by a simple transformation. i. RGB (Red-Green-Blue): Digital images are normally represented in RGB color space; it is the most commonly use color space in computers. It is a device dependent color space, which used in CRT monitors. ii. CMY (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow), CMYK (CMY-Black): It is a subtractive color space for printing, it models the effect of color ink on white paper. Black component is use for enhancing the effect of black color. iii. HSB (Hue, Saturation, Brightness) or HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value): It was used to model the properties of human perception. It is an additive color model. However it is inconvenient to calculate color distance due to its discontinuity of hue at 360. iv. YIQ, YCbCr, YUV: Used in television broadcast standards. Y is the luminance component for backward compatibility to monochrome signal and other components are for chrominance. It is also used in some image compression standards (e.g. JPEG) that process luminance and chrominance separately. Figure 7: The additive colour model HSV 2.6.2.1.1.2. Color Models: A color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or color components. When this model is associated with a precise description of how the components are to be interpreted (viewing conditions, etc.), the resulting set of colors is called color space  [1]  . A color model is a formularized system for composing different of colors from a set of primary colors. There are two types of color models, subtractive and additive. An additive color model uses light emitted directly from a source. The additive color model typically uses primary color i.e. red, green and blue light to produce the other colors. Combination of any two of these additive primary colors in equal amounts produces the additive secondary colors or primary subtractive model colors i.e. cyan, magenta, and yellow. Integration of all these three colors RGB in equal intensities constitute white as shown in the Figurea8 a. Figure 8 (a): RGB: Additive Color for light-emitting computer monitors. Each colored light add to the previous colored lights. A subtractive color model illustrates the blending of paints, dyes,   and natural colorants to produce a full series of colors, each generated by subtracting (absorbing) some wavelengths of light and reflecting the others. Colors observed in subtractive models are the due to reflected light. Different wavelength lights constitute different colors. The CMYK model (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-blacK) model is the subtractive model. The combination of any two of these primary subtractive model color i.e.(Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) results in the primary additive model or secondary subtractive model color i.e. red, blue, green and the convergence of it constitute black color as shown in the figure 8 b. Figure 8 (b): CMYK: Subtractive colors for Printer. Each color added to the first color blocks the reflection of color, thus subtracts color. For some of the concepts the color scheme helps in achieving suitable results like forest, sky, tree, grass, sea etc. The color descriptor will help in retrieving the accurate results. But for the categories like the car, house, street etc. Color descriptors cant play a vital role. The color descriptor will fail in a situation of the same car with different colors as shown in the figure 9. For the retrieval based on the color two most frequently used representative are color histogram and color moment. These representatives are represented in the section below. Figure 9: Same Car with different color composition a. Color Histogram: A histogram provides a summary of the distribution of a set of data. A color histogram provides a comprehensive overview of the image or video frame in terms of color. A colour histogram for a coloured image describes the different intensity value distributions for colours found in the image. The histogram intent to define the number of times each color appears in an image/video frame. Statistically, it utilizes a property that images having similar contents should have a similar color distribution. One simple approach is to count the number of pixels of each color and plot into a histogram. The histogram h of an image I is represented as: H(I)= Where pi is the percentage of i-th color in the color space, N is the number of colors in the color space. To enable scaling invariant property, the histogram sum is normalized to 1. The percentage is proportional to the number of pixels in the image. Figure 10: Shows the Color Histogram Mostly commercial CBR systems like Query-By-Image-Content uses color histogram as one of the feature for the retrieval. Colors are normally grouped in bins, so that every occurrence of a color contributes to the overall score of the bin it belongs to. The bin explains the intensities of different primary color i.e. quantity of red, blue or green for a particular pixel. It doesnt define individual color of the pixels. Histograms are usually normalized, so that images of different sizes can be fairly compared. The colour histogram is the most commonly and effectively used colour feature in CBIR [Swain et al. 1991, Faloutsos et al. 1994, Stricker et al. 1995, Deselaers et al. 2008, Chakravarti et al. 2009 and Smeulders et al. 2000]. Retrieving an images based on the colors technique is widely used because it does not depend on image size or orientation. The most common method to create a colour histogram is by splitting the range of the RGB intensity values into equal-sized bins. For example, a 24-bit RGB colour space contains 224 possible (RGB) values. Since this gives us approximately 16.8 million bins, it will be too large to be dealt with efficiently. Therefore, we need to quantize the feature space to a smaller number in order to reduce memory size and processing time; as examples [Stricker et al. 1995, Swain et al. 1991] have proposed techniques for colour space quantization. After having defined the bins, the numbers of pixels from the image that fall into each bin are counted. A colour histogram can be used to define the different distributions of RGB intensity values for a whole image, known as a global colour histogram, and for specific regions of an image, known as a local colour histogram. For a local colour histogram, the image is divided into several regions and a colour histogram is created for each region. A histogram refinement strategy has been proposed by Pass for comparing the images [Pass et al.1996]. Histogram refinement splits the pixels in a given bucket into several classes, based upon some local property. Within a given bucket, only pixels in the same class are compared. They describe a split histogram called a color coherence vector (CCV), which partitions each histogram bucket based on spatial coherence. [Han et al. 2002] proposed a new color histogram representation, called fuzzy color histogram (FCH), by considering the color similarity of each pixels color associated to all the histogram bins through fuzzy-set membership function. This approach is proves very fast and is further exploited in the application of image indexing and retrieval. The paradigm of the color histogram works on the assumption that all the images or videos frames with the similar color composition are similar [Jain et al. 1995]. It will retrieve all the data whose color composition is similar to the given query. This will be true in some cases. Color composition cant be the identity of the image or object inside the image. Color Moment: Color moment approach was proposed by [Stricker et al. 1995]. It is a very compact representation of color feature. The mathematical meaning of this approach is that any color distribution can be characterized by its moments. Moreover, most of the information is concentrated on the low-order moments, only the first moment, second and third central moments (mean, variance and skewness) were extracted as the color feature representation. Color similarity can be measured by Weighted Euclidean distance. Due to the ease and sound performance of color histogram technique it is widely used in color based retrieval systems. Color is the human visual perceptual property. Human discriminate an images or objects initially on the basis of colors. Color can be extracted from the digital data easily and automated and effective functions are available for calculating the similarity between the query and the data corpus. Color feature are effectively used for indexing and searching of color images in corpus. The existing CBIR techniques can typically be categorized on the basis of the feature it used for the retrieval i.e. color, shape, texture or combination of them. Color is an extensively utilized visual attribute that plays a vital role in retrieving the similar images [Low et al. 1998]. It has been observed that even though color plays a crucial role in image retrieval, when combined with other visual attributes it would yield much better results [Hsu et al. 1995]. This is because, two images with entirely similar color compositions, may have different color composition and sometimes two images have same color composition but they are not similar as shown in the figure. Hence something that looks similar is not semantically similar. The color composition of both the images in figure 11 is same but they depict the entirely different semantic idea. By analyzing both the images using the color based retrieval techniques both the images are similar

The Host Book Review

The Host Book Review Melanie Stryder is one of few â€Å"wild† human rebels who have evaded the alien souls currently taking over the Earth. With her younger brother, Jamie, and the man she loves, Jared Howe, Mel is on the run from souls who hunt down host bodies for use. Souls are creatures that rely on host bodies to survive. After insertion, they erase any mental presence of the being originally there and establish a claim over the body and mind. Earth is Wanderer's ninth planet, and Mel is her ninth host body.Upon waking inside her new body, she is shocked not only by the vividness of human emotions, memories, and senses, but quickly learns that Melanie Stryder is not willing to give up the entirety of her mind. Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight Saga has often been described as vampire fiction for people who don’t like vampires. It is fair to say that with The Host, her latest novel, she has once again managed to break the usual genre stereotypes. This time, writing a science fiction novel for people who don’t like science fiction.Unlike the most popular alien invasion movies and science fiction television shows, The Host doesn’t have Will Smith or Richard Dean Anderson to save the planet against a background of gun fire, secret weapons, and loud explosions. In The Host humanity is lost, vastly outnumbered and overwhelmed by superior technology. There are tiny pockets of resistance left; just a handful of humans who have yet been captured, but they don’t spend their days plotting to retake the planet from the aliens.Just trying to survive consumes all their time. The Host isn’t really about saving the planet from alien invaders; it’s a story about what it is to be human, about identity and about individuality. Most of all The Host is a story about the nature of love. Romantic  love, love of family, love of friends – all of these emotions are explored by Wanderer as she first surrenders to Melanieâ₠¬â„¢s emotional memories then surrenders to the emotions for herself.There is more than just memories left of Melanie though; she is trapped inside her own head unable to take control of her own body, forced to be an unwilling host to the alien Wanderer. Which makes things very interesting when Wanderer and Melanie eventually meet up with Melanie’s loved ones. Possibly the largest similarity between The Host and Stephenie Meyers Twilight Saga is the character of Wanderer. She has something of a Bella vibe going on. It is the way that they are both self sacrificing.Wanderer’s alien nature actually makes her even more self sacrificing than Bella which means that she needs others to look out for her and take care of her since she has little instinct for self preservation. Unlike the Twilight Saga, I would recommend The Host for both teens and adults. Stephenie Meyer wrote this book to attract a wide audience. All in all The Host makes a very compelling read. Avoiding the obvious science fiction cliches, it concentrates on humanity and the human emotions experienced by an alien invader who really wants to be a human.

Pope

The text under analysis â€Å"Doreen Pope† is a type of publicistic writing, feature article. The author M. Loudon managed to make this text informative and entertaining for the reader. The article concentrates on an Interesting theme. The theme of the article is about the role of a teacher in the system of education in GB. The author embodies the theme into incomparable character. The story reveals the image of ideal teacher. M. Loudon convinces us of the importance of the teacher's role for children.This important idea that the author expresses in the process of developing the theme is he message of the story. The theme is organically connected with the message. And M. Loudon places the maln point very appropriately. It has a complex character Is created with the help of interaction of implications and develops further. Sufficient arguments, details and examples support the main idea. â€Å"Miss Pope was an enormous success with the children because she had a genuine affini ty with them.She also had an unpretentious disregard for the formal†. The author uses references effectively and her reasoning sounds very logically and convincing. â€Å"Miss Pope believed that children only learnt self-worth and corporate responslblllty through ecognition of their gifts, however insignificant they might have seemed in scholastic terms: so while she was appreciate of talent and enthusiasm, it was those who were shy. or obstreperous. or who found reading or writing Is difficult, which whom she spent the most time. Such cohesive devices as â€Å"practically, so, also, indeed, Just, however† within the paragraphs and the repetition the main character's name between them catch the reader's attention, give more prominence to the words. Implication is conveyed by different techniques, artistic details, arrangement of plot structure and images. With the help of it the writer achieved her main purpose. M. Loudon Informs the reader about educational system In GB, convinces us of the importance of the role of a teacher. She makes us feel sympathy to the main character and respect her strong personality.M. Loudon reminds us about eternal values and morals In our life. The style of presentation of these ideas Is appealing and appropriate for the situation. â€Å"Practically, no one reading this will have of Miss Pope. Her greatness is no obvious and it has never been documented. † using not very formal style the writer involves us to the situation, Invites to an open dialog, creates ree and trust atmosphere. The author's attitude to the character determines the tone of the story. Tone expresses the relationship between the author and the character.It Is sympathetic, cheerful, and enthusiastic. M. Loudon resorts to emotionally colored words, such as â€Å"cheerful†, â€Å"Jolly†, â€Å"brisk†, â€Å"great†. An extensive Image of the character Is created by similes â€Å"Miss Pope and Sheena as the Madonna and Child in Renaissance Europe† epithets: â€Å"wholesome woman†, â€Å"unobtrusive clothes†, â€Å"sensible shoes†, â€Å"affectionate woman†, â€Å"Insatiable sense of humor†. Metaphors: â€Å"she never lost her cool†, antitheses: â€Å"from sunny hildhood to dark adolescence† Intensifiers, such as: â€Å"completely different tot us†, â€Å"such an aloof dog†.Polysyndeton: â€Å"she had an insatiable sense of humor and a nuge, rotund laugn, ana sne never Tallea to reward even tne dullest anecdote. † I use of low-colloquial words intensifies the contrast; make a parallel between primary and secondary school: â€Å"fuck off, posh bitch† The writer applies contrast, parallel structure, framing to visualize the article. The use of these means produces a humorous effect and testifies to the inventiveness and wit of the author. The title of the article catches our attention, gives prominence o the main c haracter due to capitalization.The title is the name of the character that emphasizes its importance in the article, defines sympathetic feelings of the author, and arouses reader's interest to it. The article raises important and interesting themes. It forces us to be involved in the problem of the role of a teacher. Teacher is a guide, is an inspirer, is a monitor, is a friend, is a second mother, and is a mentor, who teaches simple, but timeless and good values. And M. Loudon was succeeded in paying tribute to an inspirational teacher and created a hymn to a teacher.

How to Write a Classification Essay †The Quick and Easy Way by BestEssay.education

How to Write a Classification Essay – The Quick and Easy Way Writing  a Classification Essay Did you watch Sesame Street as a child? If you did, you probably remember the refrain, â€Å"One of these things is not like the other...', often sung by a memorable character like Susan or Luis. The activity accompanying that song was to look at four objects, and then identify which three belonged together. The fourth object was then the one that didn't belong. This may seem like a simple task now, but you were learning the very skills then that you will need to write a division and classification essay today. Later on, in school, you probably expanded on this skill. For example, you may have learned to classify musical instruments by category (brass, percussion, string, woodwind), events according to historical period (Middle ages, Great Depression, Baby Boom, Industrial Revolution), or even types of art (impressionist, modern, arts and crafts, etc.). What is a Classification Essay A classification essay is paper in which you identify a subject and create different categories within that subject that you can use for the purposes of classification. Then, you write about who or what would be placed into each classification, and why. For example, if your subject was pies, you might choose the categories: savory, fruit based, custard based, cream based, and chess based. In your essay, you would identify these categories, explain why you have selected these categories, and then you would write about which pies fit into the various categories. Remember that as you are writing a classification essay, you job isn't just to identify the categories and what goes in those categories, it is also to justify why you have made that selection. Why, for example, would strawberry cream pie be classified as a cream based pie and not a fruit pie? Choose an Interesting and Familiar Subject If you want the essay writing process to go quickly, pick a subject that you can quickly divide into categories. Then, once you have your categories down, you can pick the elements you wish to write about and how you want those elements classified based on the categories that you have established. Unless the subject matter covered in the class demands it, there is no need to pursue a topic that is particularly intense. Write an Intro Paragraph that Demonstrates the Subject and Categories By the end of the first paragraph, your reader should know how you have divided your subject into categories, and why. This way, when you begin writing your body paragraphs, you can simply go through each item and discuss where you are classifying it and what caused you to make that decision. Try Some Mind Mapping Rather than using typical note taking methods, try using mind mapping or other methods to do your classifying. The visual style of this can make it easier for you to remember what you classified where, and why. Then, when the time comes to write your essay, you can just translate the images that you have created into sentences and paragraphs.

The History of Pencils, Markers, Pens, and Erasers

The History of Pencils, Markers, Pens, and Erasers Ever wonder how your favorite writing implement was invented? Read on to learn about the history of pencils, erasers, sharpeners, markers, highlighters and gel pens and see who invented and patented these writing instruments. Pencil History Graphite is a form of carbon, first discovered in the Seathwaite Valley on the side of the mountain Seathwaite Fell in Borrowdale, near Keswick, England, sometime around 1564 by an unknown person. Shortly after this, the first pencils were made in the same area. The breakthrough in pencil technology came when French chemist Nicolas Conte developed and patented the process used to make pencils in 1795. He used a mixture of clay and graphite that was fired before it was put in a wooden case. The pencils he made were cylindrical with a slot. The square lead was glued into the slot, and a thin strip of wood was used to fill the rest of the slot. Pencils got their name from the old English word meaning brush. Contes method of kiln firing powdered graphite and clay allowed pencils to be made to any hardness or softness - which was very important to artists and draftsmen. In 1861, Eberhard Faber built the first pencil factory in the United States in New York City. Eraser History Charles Marie de la Condamine, a French scientist and explorer, was the first European to bring back the natural substance called India rubber. He brought a sample to the Institute de France in Paris in 1736. South American Indian tribes used rubber to making bouncing playing balls and as an adhesive for attaching feathers and other objects to their bodies. In 1770, the noted scientist Sir Joseph Priestley (discoverer of oxygen) recorded the following, I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black lead pencil. Europeans were rubbing out pencil marks with the small cubes of rubber, the substance that Condamine had brought to Europe from South America. They called their erasers peaux de negres. However, rubber was not an easy substance to work with because it went bad very easily - just like food, rubber would rot. English engineer Edward Naime is also credited with the creation of the first eraser in 1770. Before rubber, breadcrumbs had been used to erase pencil marks. Naime claims he accidentally picked up a piece of rubber instead of his lump of bread and discovered the possibilities. He went on to sell the new rubbing out devices, or rubbers. In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered a way to cure rubber and make it a lasting and useable material. He called his process vulcanization, after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. Goodyear patented his process in 1844. With the better rubber available, erasers became quite common. The first patent for attaching an eraser to a pencil was issued in 1858 to a man from Philadelphia named Hyman Lipman. This patent was later held to be invalid because it was merely the combination of two things, without a new use. History of the Pencil Sharpener At first, penknives were used to sharpen pencils. They got their name from the fact that they were first used to shape feather quills used as early pens. In 1828, French mathematician Bernard Lassimone applied for a patent (French patent #2444) on an invention to sharpen pencils. However, it was not until 1847 that Therry des Estwaux first invented the manual pencil sharpener as we know it. John Lee Love of Fall River, Massachusetts designed the Love Sharpener. Loves invention was the very simple, portable pencil sharpener that many artists use. The pencil is put into the opening of the sharpener and rotated by hand, and the shavings stay inside the sharpener. Loves sharpener was patented on November 23, 1897 (U.S. Patent # 594,114). Four years earlier, Love created and patented his first invention, the Plasterers Hawk. This device, which is still used today, is a flat square piece of board made of wood or metal, upon which plaster or mortar was placed and then spread by plasterers or masons. This was patented on July 9, 1895. One source claims that the Hammacher Schlemmer Company of New York offered the worlds first electric pencil sharpener designed by Raymond Loewy, sometime in the early 1940s. History of Markers and Highlighters The first marker was probably the felt tip marker, created in the 1940s. It was mainly used for labeling and artistic applications. In 1952, Sidney Rosenthal began marketing his Magic Marker which consisted of a glass bottle that held ink and a wool felt wick. By 1958, marker use was becoming common, and people used it for lettering, labeling, marking packages, and creating posters. Highlighters and fine-line markers were first seen in the 1970s. Permanent markers also became available around this time. Superfine-points and dry erase markers gained popularity in the 1990s. The modern fiber tip pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan in 1962. The Avery Dennison Corporation trademarked Hi-Liter ® and Marks-A-Lot ® in the early 90s. The Hi-Liter ® pen, commonly known as a highlighter, is a marking pen which overlays a printed word with a transparent color, leaving it legible and emphasized. In 1991 Binney Smith introduced a redesigned Magic Marker line that included highlighters and permanent markers.  In 1996, fine point Magic Marker II DryErase markers were introduced for detailed writing and drawing on  whiteboards, dry erase boards, and glass surfaces. Gel Pens Gel Pens were invented by the Sakura Color Products Corp. (Osaka, Japan), which makes Gelly Roll pens and was the company that invented gel ink in 1984. The gel ink uses pigments suspended in a water-soluble polymer matrix. They are not transparent like conventional inks, according to Debra A. Schwartz. According to Sakura, Years of research resulted in the 1982 introduction of Pigma ®, the first water-based pigment ink ... Sakuras revolutionary Pigma inks evolved to become the first Gel Ink Rollerball launched as the Gelly Roll pen in 1984. Sakura also invented a new drawing material which combined oil and pigment. CRAY-PAS ®, the first oil pastel, was introduced in 1925.

Advertising language Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising language - Research Paper Example This essay "Advertising language" outlines the importance of the language in advertising in order to achieve the objectives of an advertisement. An advertiser, on most occasions will try to develop an advertising message that has the capability of attracting the attention and interest of the target customer. One of the major characteristics of an advertising language is the use of simple words to pass the message. As noted earlier, one of the major functions of an advertisement is providing information for purposes of attracting customers, and exploiting the market under consideration (Lescano, 2930). On this basis, a simple type of advertisement is required for purposes of arousing the interest and attention of the audience under consideration. This simple advertisement will also make it possible for the target market to easily remember the message passed. On this note, the use of a simple language will achieve this objective. Lescano (2930) further goes on to denote that in develop ing a simple language, the first step an advertiser has to conduct is to use oral and popular language. The second step in this process is the use of few letters, as well as single syllable words to develop a message. The following is an example of a an advertisement for a microwave oven developed by use of simple English (Lescano, 2930), â€Å"It was impossible to believe it., Until I gave it a try., I am totally impressed., You gotta have to try it, You will love it† Looking at the words in this advertisement, we can denote that they are oral, and very simple.

International manegment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International manegment - Essay Example Silverlight Electronics in Korea has a different business operation approach from Cobalt. The two companies operate in different business and cultural environments. Therefore, negotiation has to address the conflict situation between the two companies. Secondly, the two companies have their potential power in business, which must be respected for a negotiation to be realized. Finally, the concept of options was addressed in the negotiation. Both companies have business options that may be utilized. Actually, I present new and better business options to Silverlight electronics by presenting my proposals to them. I have learned a lot from this negotiation. The most important learning is that all options in a negotiation have to be exhausted. By understanding the needs and expectations of the other company, I can present better business options to them and therefore, arrive at a negotiation more quickly. I will use this concept in my future negotiation with people and businesses

Unemployment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Unemployment - Coursework Example Unemployment This denotes that comparisons may end up misleading and giving inaccurate count, as well as a count that does not mirror the actual count (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). This misrepresentation of data could be the reason why the Claimant count emerged with a 1 million count of unemployed persons less than what the ILO Count got (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The reason why the ILO Count was more than that of the Claimant count is because the ILO count measure takes into account all persons with no jobs unlike the Claimant count measure, which does not take into account persons who are unqualified for benefits (Turner 2012), (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). In other words, the Claimant Count measure does not include in their measures persons who have a significant other being paid beyond the benefits level for the family, students employed for part-time jobs, persons un der the age of eighteen and reluctant to go in for a youth-training centre as well as persons who have departed their profession voluntarily. The ILO count measure obtains the real actual count of unemployed persons because it collects the actual facts of unemployed persons. It gives the actual number of all unemployed persons who wish to get jobs but are not qualified for benefits unlike the Claimant count measure. Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). ... Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). However, the ILO count may not be able to cover all the necessary facts in its surveys during data collection because people may not provide accurate facts. For the two measures, namely; ILO count measure and Claimant count measure, ILO count measure is likely to be inaccurate because it relies on people to answer queries accurately and truthfully, which may not be the case (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). People do not always tell the truth especially when it comes to personal information such as their employment status (Turner 2012) and (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). Likewise, the Claimant count measure is likely to be inaccu rate as well because it depends on administrative records to calculate its count for unemployed persons (Turner 2012) and (Office for National Statistics 2013). The reason why this may result in inaccurate number of unemployed persons is because most of these administrative records could be misrepresented, incorrect, falsified or altered over time, thereby giving inaccurate information at the of the day (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The fact that there are numerous vacancies, yet the rate of unemployment is still high in UK, can be explored with respect to available human skills, lack of knowhow, lack of fresh recruits to replace the retired ones as well as the forcing of young persons by their parents

Facts of the Case Essay Example for Free

Facts of the Case Essay New London, a city in Connecticut, used its eminent domain authority to seize private property to sell to private developers. The city said developing the land would create jobs and increase tax revenues. Kelo Susette and others whose property was seized sued New London in state court. The property owners argued the city violated the Fifth Amendments takings clause, which guaranteed the government will not take private property for public use without just compensation. Specifically the property owners argued taking private property to sell to private developers was not public use. The Connecticut Supreme Court ruled for New London. In 1990, the city of New London was designated a distressed municipality. n6 The city was experiencing economic decline and suffered from an unemployment rate that was twice Connecticuts rate as a state. n7 As a result of these conditions, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC) was called upon by state and local officials to plan New Londons redevelopment. n8 After the NLDC developed a plan to build a Fort Trumbell State Park, Pfizer Inc., the pharmaceutical company, revealed its plan to build a $ 300 million research facility on a site immediately adjacent to Fort Trumbell. n9 The addition of Pfizer to the New London area was anticipated to entice other businesses to migrate to the city, effectively serving as a catalyst to the areas rejuvenation. n10 The NLDC received State approval, and the plan for Fort Trumbell State Park was completed. n11 The final plan for the Park encompassed services and businesses that would cap italize on the added commerce resulting from the inclusion of Pfizer to the area. n12 The NLDC intended to create jobs and increase tax revenue with the development plan, but the Park was also intended to bolster the areas aesthetic qualities and leisure activities. n13 The NLDC received permission from the city council to exercise eminent domain in the citys name, enabling it to acquire the property for the ninety-acre Park. n14 The NLDC was able to purchase most of the property in the target area; however, it was unable to secure fifteen pieces of real estate after negotiations. n15 One such piece of real estate was owned by Charles and Wilhelmina Dery who had lived on their property for over sixty years. n16 The properties of the nine owners who refused to sell, including the Derys property, were located in areas appropriated by the NLDC as sites for park support, such as parking, retail services, or office space. n17 In November of 2000, the NLDC condemned the fifteen properties that remained to be acquired in order for the development plan to advance. n18 LEGAL QUESTION: does a public purpose constitute a public use for purposes of the Fifth Amendments Taking Clause, nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation? Specifically, does the Fifth Amendment, applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (see main article: Incorporation of the Bill of Rights), protect landowners from the use of eminent domain for economic development, rather than, as in Berman, for the elimination of slums and blight? LENGTH: 8662 words STUDENT CASENOTE: Kelo v. City of New London NAME: Lia Sprague SUMMARY:? In Kelo v. City of New London, the Supreme Court debated whether the use of eminent domain for economic development purposes qualifies as a public use within the meaning of the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. In November of 2000, the NLDC condemned the fifteen properties that remained to be acquired in order for the development plan to advance. Upon a finding that the proposed uses were not attributable to the above factors, the court affirmed the judgment for the parcel 3 takings and reversed the judgment regarding parcel 4A, allowing both parcels to be seized through eminent domain. The Court relied on this rationale to find that the use of private parties to further the public benefit was an acceptable method to achieve public use. Weighing this with the idea that transfers intended to confer benefits on particular, favored private entities, and with only incidental or pretextual public benefits, are forbidden by the Public Use clause, Justice Kennedy stated that courts should seriously investigate accusations of private party favoritism by the government entity. Justice Thomas agreed that replacing the words public use with public purpose effectively erased the Public Use Clause from the Fifth Amendment. Establishing such a safeguard appropriately balances the public policy concerns both supporting and criticizing the use of eminent domain for economic development. TEXT:? [*381] I. Introduction In Kelo v. City of New London, n1 the Supreme Court debated whether the use of eminent domain for economic development purposes qualifies as a public use within the meaning of the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. n2 The city of New London attempted to use the power of eminent domain to seize property to give to private companies in order to increase commerce in the area. n3 The Court found that, deferring to precedent, the public use requirement had been interpreted broadly. n4 Accordingly, in a five-to-four vote, the Court held that New Londons plans constituted public use within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. n5 II. Statement of Facts A. New Londons Development Plan and the Taking In 1990, the city of New London was designated a distressed municipality. n6 The city was experiencing economic decline and suffered from an unemployment rate that was twice Connecticuts rate as a state. n7 As a result of these conditions, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC) was called upon by state and local officials to plan New Londons redevelopment. n8 After the NLDC developed a plan to build a Fort Trumbell State Park, Pfizer Inc. , the pharmaceutical company, revealed its plan to build a $ 300 million research facility on a site immediately adjacent to Fort Trumbell. n9 The addition of Pfizer to the New London area was anticipated to entice other businesses to migrate to the city, effectively serving as a catalyst to the areas rejuvenation. n10 The NLDC received State approval, and the plan for Fort Trumbell State Park was completed. n11 [*382] The final plan for the Park encompassed services and businesses that would capitalize on the added commerce resulting from the inclusion of Pfizer to the area. n12 The NLDC intended to create jobs and increase tax revenue with the development plan, but the Park was also intended to bolster the areas aesthetic qualities and leisure activities. n13 The NLDC received permission from the city council to exercise eminent domain in the citys name, enabling it to acquire the property for the ninety-acre Park. n14 The NLDC was able to purchase most of the property in the target area; however, it was unable to secure fifteen pieces of real estate after negotiations. n15 One such piece of real estate was owned by Charles and Wilhelmina Dery who had lived on their property for over sixty years. n16 The properties of the nine owners who refused to sell, including the Derys property, were located in areas appropriated by the NLDC as sites for park support, such as parking, retail services, or office space. n17 In November of 2000, the NLDC condemned the fifteen properties that remained to be acquired in order for the development plan to advance. n18 B. The Procedural History Petitioners filed suit in the Superior Court of Connecticut for the Judicial District of New London seeking injunctive relief to prevent the acquisition of their property through the use of eminent domain. n19 Petitioners argued that the takings at issue could not satisfy the public use requirement of Article 1 Â § 11 of the Connecticut Constitution (equivalent to the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States) which reads in pertinent part: The property of no person shall be taken for public use, without just compensation therefor[e]. n20 The petitioners submitted that a taking cannot be for a public use if it is motivated by a private entity. . . and if ultimately a private entity is to determine the fate of the property owners. . . . n21 The Superior Court found that broad statements on public use and deference to the legislature must be qualified. n22 The Superior Court further stated of its role in eminent domain actions: If the court considers the [*383] purpose not to be reasonable or connected to a valid public use, it is the duty of the court to declare the act authorizing the taking as unconstitutional. n23 After review of the facts, the Superior Court held that the statements regarding the use of parcel 4A were too vague and uncertain to allow the court to conclude the takings here [were] necessary and would not be unreasonable. n24 The court granted a permanent injunction against destroying the properties located in parcel 4A and granted a temporary injunction against the destruction of the properties in parcel 3 after finding that the takings were justified as to allow the petitioners to appeal without losing their homes. n25 Both parties appealed the trial courts judgment to the Supreme Court of Connecticut. n26 The appellate court stated that since the takings were authorized by the legislature, the standard the judiciary must apply was one of unreasonableness, bad faith, or abuse of power. n27 Upon a finding that the proposed uses were not attributable to the above factors, the court affirmed the judgment for the parcel 3 takings and reversed the judgment regarding parcel 4A, allowing both parcels to be seized through eminent domain. n28 The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari and affirmed the judgment of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. n29 III. Decision and Rationale A. The Majority Opinion of the Court The Supreme Court held that the takings proposed by the City for the purpose of economic development are for a public use as directed by the Fifth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. n30 It has been well established that the government is barred from taking private property solely for the purpose of transferring it to a private entity for its use. n31 The Court analyzed whether New London would be barred from taking property from petitioners to allocate to private parties for support services for Pfizer, a private corporation. n32 In order for the takings at issue here to violate the public use [*384] clause, the plan must have been adopted with the purpose of benefiting a particular class of identifiable individuals. n33 The Court stated that the governments pursuit of a public purpose will often benefit individual private parties. n34 The Court directed the focus to be on the future use of the taking, rather than on the immediate benefit. n35 The Court warned that by focusing solely on the benefit to private parties, the purpose of [the] taking becomes confused with the mechanics of how the resulting public benefit was accomplished. n36 The Court relied on this rationale to find that the use of private parties to further the public benefit was an acceptable method to achieve public use. However, a determination still had to be made regarding whether the development plan encompassed public use of the condemned property. n37 Even though, in this case, the property would not be opened for use by the general public, the Court had previously embraced a broad interpretation of public use that was satisfied in this situation. n38 At the end of the nineteenth century, the Court began to apply a public purpose standard, effectively rejecting the notion that the general public must be allowed actual use of the taken property. n39 Therefore, the Court applied this public purpose standard to New Londons development plan which promoted creating jobs, generating tax revenue, and helping to build momentum for the revitalization of downtown New London. n40 The Court examined how the concept of eminent domain met the changing needs of society during its public purpose analysis. n41 In Berman v. Parker, n42 the Court upheld a plan seeking to distribute property in a blighted area to both public and private entities for the purpose of redevelopment and found that non-blighted property was still a justified taking because the project was analyzed as a whole. n43 Thirty years later, the Court decided Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff n44 where it found that the elimination of a land oligopoly was a sufficient public use even though the property was put back in the hands of private parties. n45 In the same year, the [*385] Court held in Ruckleshaus v. Monsanto n46 that the benefit to competition in the pesticide market outweighed any benefit given to subsequent applicants. n47 The Court applied this trend of increasingly broad interpretations of the phrase public use to the facts of the present case and found that New Londons redevelopment plan served a public purpose. n48 New London developed a plan that it hoped would enable the city to overcome its economic strains. This plan included a variety of commercial, residential, and recreational uses of land, with the hope that they [would] form a whole greater than the sum of its parts. n49 According to Berman, the Court cannot judge the plan on a piecemeal basis, but must examine the possible outcomes of the plan as a whole. n50 The Court compared the economic benefit in this case to the previously mentioned cases and found no reason to distinguish between economic benefit received through tax revenue and increased job prospects from the economic benefits that have been previously upheld by the Court. n51 This rationale was further justified after looking at New Londons development plan. n52 Courts have long deferred to the decisions of state legislatures, absent a showing that the purpose was illegitimate or that the taking was validated by irrational justification. n53 The Courts position is to adjudicate the issue of public use and once that issue has been resolved, the legislature may use its discretion in determining by what means the plan will be accomplished. n54 The Court pointed out that states are able to place restrictions on its ability to procure property through eminent domain. n55 In this case, Connecticut had a statute specifically permitting the use of eminent domain for economic development. n56 As a result of this deference to legislation, combined with a broad interpretation of public use and the allowance of private parties as an intermediary towards the final goal of public purpose, the Court held that New Londons proposed takings satisfied the [*386] public use requirement of the Fifth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. n57 B. The Concurring Opinion of Justice Kennedy Justice Kennedy emphasized the utilization of a rational-basis standard of review for cases analyzing the public use clause. n58 Weighing this with the idea that transfers intended to confer benefits on particular, favored private entities, and with only incidental or pretextual public benefits, are forbidden by the Public Use clause, Justice Kennedy stated that courts should seriously investigate accusations of private party favoritism by the government entity. n59 Petitioners attempted to establish a need for a rule that presumptively invalidates any takings for purposes of economic development in order to allow the Court to discover the true motives behind the takings. n60 Justice Kennedy pointed out that the trial court in this case carefully examined the evidence and found that the primary motivation of the plan was to utilize Pfizers presence in the city to create an increase in commerce, a finding that eliminated the need to establish a higher standard of review in this case. n61 He was careful to note that some cases may warrant a presumption of invalidity. n62 However, Justice Kennedy stated that because the city developed a plan with substantial anticipated economic benefits that was subject to the review of the citys underlying motivations, and because the identities of the private entities were not established at the onset of the development planning, this case presented no circumstances that would justify an increased standard of review. C. The Dissenting Opinion of Justice OConnor, joined by the Chief Justice, Justice Scalia, and Justice Thomas Justice OConnor disagreed with the majoritys opinion which stated that there were incidental private benefits in this case that were inferior to a substantial public benefit. n63 She felt that the reverse was true, and that by ruling in such a way, the Court had effectivelydelete[d] the words for public use from the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment. n64 This was consistent with the petitioners argument stating that the government may not take their property for the private use of other owners simply because the [*387] new owners may make more productive use of the property. n65 The premise of this argument was based upon the judiciarys position to determine the meaning of public use as it differed from the legislatures opinion. n66 Justice OConnor conceded that the Court should defer to the legislatures determination of what constitutes public use. n67 However, if the legislatures power to define this term was unlimited, without the possibility of a review from the judiciary branch, the Public Use Clause would amount to little more than hortatory fluff. n68 Justice OConnor recognized that certain circumstances exist in which the Public Use Clause should be interpreted broadly. She disagreed, however, that this should be a generalized holding allowing the inclusion of economic development as a public purpose. n69 As support for this argument, Justice OConnor distinguished two of the cases upon which the majority relied to reach their holding. n70 In Berman, the Court upheld a taking of blighted property, part of which was passed to private parties for the sake of redevelopment. n71 Congress had determined that the blighted area was hazardous to the health, safety, morals, and welfare, and thus eminent domain was appropriate to eliminate these conditions. n72 Looking at the neighborhood as a whole, the public purpose of eliminating hazardous conditions took precedence over allowing an owner of a non-blighted store to keep his property. n73 In Midkiff, the Court upheld a taking for the purpose of eliminating a land oligopoly that was skewing the States residential fee simple market, inflating land prices, and injuring the public tranquility and welfare. n74 Justice OConnor distinguished the two cases from the case at bar because the takings in Berman and Midkiff eliminated an affirmative harm on society rather than the public receiving a benefit that was secondary to private parties benefit. n75 By distinguishing the above cases, Justice OConnor found that precedent did not compel the majority to uphold such a broad rule that contained no limitations. n76 [*388] D. The Dissenting Opinion of Justice Thomas Justice Thomas agreed that replacing the words public use with public purpose effectively erased the Public Use Clause from the Fifth Amendment. n77 He stated that the present case is not the only case that has misconstrued the Takings Clause; rather, the line of cases leading up to the present have strayed from the Clauses original meaning. n78 Examining the language of the Fifth Amendment, Justice Thomas concluded that the phrase public use would be unnecessary verbiage if not interpreted as a limitation, and thus states that the Public Use Clause is therefore an express limit on the governments power of eminent domain. n79 After examining the plain language of the public use requirement, Justice Thomas further concluded that the drafters intended the clause to carry a narrow meaning requiring actual public employment of the taken property. n80 He also analyzed the Constitutions common-law background as well as the historical uses of eminent domain to reach the same narrow definition of public use. n81 Justice Thomas then examined a case relied on by the majority, Fallbrook Irrigation Dist. v. Bradley, n82 by stating that the majority improperly relied on dicta in the case that was unnecessarily broad and cited no supporting authority. n83 This reasoning was brought up again by Justice Thomas when discussing United States v. Gettysburg Electric R. Co. , n84 from which the court relied on dicta stating that the judiciary shall respect the legislatures judgment when deciding a question of public use unless that judgment is unreasonable. n85 Justice Thomas claimed that the courts should not exhibit deference to the decisions of the legislature in such cases because a court owes no deference to a legislatures judgment concerning the quintessentially legal question of whether the government owns, or the public has a legal right to use, the taken property. n86 He also hypothesized that the Framers would not have subjected only the Public Use Clause to legislative deference out of all the provisions of the Bill of Rights. n87 He further argued that the Public Use Clause limits the legislative power of eminent domain, and thus by removing [*389] the power of the judiciary to oversee the limitation of that power, the purpose of the Clause is eliminated. n88 He analyzed the two cases Berman and Midkiff, and stated that the Court was wrong in those cases to equate the eminent domain power with the police power of the States. n89 He differentiated the two powers by concluding that the customary uses of police power do not require compensation to the citizens, while the uses of eminent domain always require compensation, concluding that the two powers were separate. n90 Justice Thomas further concluded that the combination of the above factors constructively eliminates the Public Use Clause from the Fifth Amendment, and he therefore stated that the appropriate interpretation of public use is that the property be used by the government or the public. n91 IV. Analysis Public policy dictates that the government should not be expected to compensate owners that hold out on selling their property in order to demand an unreasonably high payment. The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment effectively overcomes this societal detriment; however, the public policy benefit favoring governmental takings needs to be balanced against the public policy favoring a citizens right to keep his property. With this in mind, the Framers added the Public Use Clause to the Fifth Amendment in order to limit the governments power to exercise eminent domain at its own discretion. Courts also need to remember this desire for balance between competing public policy issues when interpreting the Public Use Clause. The Supreme Court has gradually shaped the Public Use Clause to allow, in theory, any taking by the government that benefits the public regardless of whether that proposed effect is primary or secondary, substantial or minimal. The latest holding regarding eminent domain from the Supreme Court in Kelo allowed the taking of property for the abstract reasons of increased tax revenue and job opportunities. In the Courts holding, there were no express limitations on this new ability to confiscate property for such intangible benefits. Conversely, the Court stated that deference should be given to the legislatures decision of the appropriateness of the taking. n92 While the Court reviewed a comprehensive plan developed by the City outlining the intended uses of the condemned property, it did not require the City to show any proof that the intended uses [*390] were reasonably certain to result in the proposed public benefit. n93 The Court reasoned that if it were to impose such a requirement of proof, a significant impediment to the successful consummation of many such plans would result. n94 While there is a significant interest in promoting commerce, the Court seemingly overlooks the equally significant interest of affording homeowners protection from unnecessary takings. It seems reasonable to expect that if a city has an extensively planned development plan, such as was exhibited by the city of New London, it should further have planned out the financial details of such a development plan. This one additional step in the planning of the proposed takings could eliminate development plans that successfully complete the takings stage of the plan only to have the financing fall through, thus leaving the condemned homes empty and the land wasted. The law of waste is a basic property concept stating that land should be used in a way that maximizes the propertys value. n95 There can be no greater waste of property than to force owners to leave their homes and then allow the property to remain vacant while sources of funding are sought. There are many examples illustrating the aftermath of approving such a plan without forcing the legislature to obtain the means to institute that plan before issuing condemnation. n96 One particularly unjust case took place in Cincinnati, Ohio. n97 Nordstrom, the retail store, decided to locate in the city of Cincinnati. n98 However, a Walgreens store currently occupied the location that it wanted. n99 Walgreens agreed to move to a new location, but the new location was home to a CVS store. n100 The CVS store refused to move, and the city initiated condemnation proceedings in order to utilize its power of eminent domain, [*391] after which CVS agreed to settle. n101 The settlement required that the city move Walgreens to the lot across the street from CVS, which unfortunately held many small businesses of which the city condemned in order to give the land to Walgreens. n102 The problem looked resolved (at the expense of the small businesses that were forced to close their doors), but the city overlooked a clause in the agreement with Nordstrom. n103 Under the parties initial agreement, the city agreed to leave vacant the very parcel that it had just handed to Walgreens so that additional upscale' shops could be built adjacent to Nordstrom. n104 The city never rearranged the parcels, and Nordstrom never began building. n105 Nordstrom eventually announced that it would no longer be opening in Cincinnati on account of declining profit margins. n106 The city paved the vacant lot so that it could exist as a parking lot. n107 Luckily, a similar situation was resolved between the New London Development Corporation (NLDC) and Corcoran Jennison, the developer with whom the city contracted to build the hotel and convention center in Fort Trumbell. n108 An Associated Press article revealed that the NLDC claimed that Corcoran Jennison failed to find financing for the project and thus wanted to downgrade the quality of the hotel. n109 Corcoran Jennison rebutted that the NLDC was at fault because it set unrealistic standards for the hotel that were not economically feasible. n110 The president of the company, Marty Jones, stated that the company felt that the NLDCs tactics [did] not serve the communitys interests in generating timely economic development and new tax revenue at Fort Trumbull. n111 According to David Goebel, Chief Operating Officer of the NLDC, as of September 7, 2005, Corcoran Jennison has since obtained zoning approval for the plan and the plan is undergoing review as per the development agreement. n112 While funds have not been secured yet, the [*392] developer is currently pursuing final financial arrangements for construction of the hotel. n113 The fact that the city possessed an extensive proposed development plan could not have curtailed the dispute between the NLDC and the developer. The city is fortunate that it was able to compromise on its plan, thus preserving the premise that legitimized the takings, even though final funding is still absent from the project. However, a better safeguard than simply being fortunate should be required by the Court before upholding such takings. This safeguard is simple and legitimate; require proof to a reasonable certainty that such benefit will occur. If the city had been required to show proof of its financial backing, the developer would have been forced to find final funding before the condemnations were upheld by the Supreme Court. If the city of Cincinnati had been required to prove to a reasonable certainty that condemning small businesses for the sake of moving the Walgreens would allow a Nordstrom store to open in the city, perhaps city officials would not have missed the clause in the contract which delayed development of the store after which Nordstrom could no longer afford to open there. If the Court is unwilling to review the decisions of state legislatures, then it should impose a different safeguard for the property owners. This safeguard was appropriately suggested by the petitioners in Kelo and the benefit of such a review was promptly disregarded by the majority. n114 While it can be assumed that the legislature will not abuse its discretionary power, it is unreasonable to think a legislature that favors using eminent domain for the purposes of economic development will subject itself to safeguards favoring the property owners if it is not held to any review by the courts. With this in mind, some legislatures are taking it upon themselves to impose either stricter guidelines regulating the Public Use Clause or they are expressly stating that economic development is not a proper interpretation of public use. n115 This is evidenced by the fact that [j]ust five weeks after the U. S. Supreme Court upheld the use of eminent domain to seize private property for economic development, more than half of the states have introduced legislation to thwart potential abuses. n116 A legislative change route was suggested by the majority opinion and was apparently embraced by twenty-eight states. Such a change is also being embraced by federal legislation, as the House of Representatives is currently examining a bill that [*393] prohibits the dispersion of government funding to any city that uses eminent domain as a means to promote private commercial development. n117 While these twenty-eight states have taken the responsibility to ensure the fair treatment of their citizens, there remain twenty-two states that have not dealt with this pressing issue. For that reason, it is imperative that courts examine the possibility that the legislation might not have obtained all the avenues (and financing) necessary to achieve a successful result for both the city and the property owner. A balance can be struck between the needs of the public via eminent domain and the needs of the private property owner who is sacrificing his home for the public utility. The implication of a simple safeguard requiring a city to prove that its plan will be successful in achieving a public benefit is all that stands in the way of achieving this balance. V. Conclusion Eminent domain is a necessary action employed by legislatures for a variety of reasons. The Court held in Kelo v. City of New London that economic development was an appropriate reason for which eminent domain could be exercised. While noting that the city of New London possessed a comprehensive development plan, the Court imposed no express restrictions upon the ability of the legislature to exercise eminent domain for such purposes. The Court rejected the petitioners argument that the city should be required to show to a reasonable certainty that the public benefit would occur before the condemnation was allowed. This lack of legislative review by the Court constructively removed the Public Use Clause from the Fifth Amendment of the Federal Constitution as the legislature now has free reign with which to decide for itself whether a proposed taking constitutes public use. While there is an assumption that the legislature will not abuse its power when deciding to take its citizens property, it should not be assumed that the same legislature will take the appropriate measures to safeguard that its citizens property will be utilized successfully. These measures should be implemented by the Court in the form of a review requiring the city to show with a reasonable certainty that the public benefit will occur. Th