Aggression-Discuss the Three Psychological Approaches Essay

What is infringement? During my research, I conduct noned various definitions of invasion and have often found it to be coupled with force out. This charitable trait is so complex that it is difficult to pinpoint any one description, only when I entrust that for the purpose of this essay, this extremely loose term testament have to suffice, as intrusion is viewed differently according to the different liftes. hostility a wide variety of acts that involve attack (The Penguin Dictionary of psychological science-Third magnetic variation 2001)In this essay, I willing explain and evaluate three psychological approaches of aggression from Sigmund Freud, Burrhus F Sk intimate and Carl R Rogers.Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed the psychoanalytical opening of the any(prenominal)oneality, whereby he divided it into layers the unconscious(p), preconscious and the conscious. These represented different levels of aware(predicate)ness in our minds. He withal described the p ersonality as the id, which is essentially what we are innate(p) with and is where the basic sexual and aggressive parkways reside, the egotism, which starts to develop as soon as interaction with the environs begins, and the superego, which represents the moral aspect of domain according to beau mondes standards and values. He entrustd that we are born with these inner feelings of aggression, which we use as a tool to obtain the things we want, hardly unfortunately, society restricts the use of this terrific demeanour for obvious reasons.The display of aggressive behaviour would cause us to lose love and detect ending in lowered self-esteem. In order to get through feeling with by imposing this unacceptable behaviour upon society, we have in our superego, incorporated something called guilt, which in turn lay downs us feel ashamed of this pushy, demanding insistence of gratification side of ourselves. However, this causes within us an eternal conflict that rages on thro ugh our everyday lives, in the unconscious level of our minds, where we only dimly recognise it.He was however, concerned that these energies could not be permanently bottled up and suggested that redirection of these energies (catharsis)into other channels ie.sport, work would be to a greater extent affectionately acceptable. He called this sublimation and suggested that a good society would make this possible. Nevertheless, he remained pessimistic active this also as it only redirected the cipher of aggression and did not really deal with the beginning of the problem.Freud (1920) called the annihilating force that forms aggression, Thanatos -the death instinct (Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1920) and believed that this is a natural gentleman condition that is also aimed at ourselves. However, our natural life instincts prevent anything happening, but Freud thoroughly believed that the destruction of ourselves is inevitable, as aggression will always be at war with society an d wherefore the sterling(prenominal) obstacle to peace.Burrhus F Skinner (1904-1990) who favoured the behaviourist approach to psychological science, criticised the psychoanalytical possibility by suggesting that psychology should be the study of behaviour and not except the mind. However, Skinners approach was radical, in that he did consider our inner thoughts and feelings, but denied that they had anything to do with behaviour (Skinner 1974). His study of behaviour involved coterminous contact with the experi kind laboratory, where he experimented with small animals such as rats and pigeons. As the experimenter, he was able to study the use of stimuli and reinforcement (cause and reward) of behaviour.Skinner pointed out that aggression, the like any other form of behaviour, is a leave of social and physical issues in our environments. With this in mind, he believed that human behaviour is therefore controllable. In Skinners view, if aggression is apparent in a person, then it is determined by past and present relevant events, together with genetic endowment, hereditary factors that are passed through our genes in the process of evolution. He argued that full knowledge of these two sets of factors, genetic endowment and personal history, stick to the key to controlling behaviour such as aggression.The behaviourist approach fails to acknowledge individual free will and choice however, and the frustrations involved in the inability to expressthese. It is often these unobservable issues that cause behaviours, such as aggression. When looking at affirmative reinforcement, Skinner often refused to consider the mental causes of aggression ie if a drunk tries to start a shinny with you in a pub, Skinners theory would indicate that the lift out form of action from previous experience would be to walk away. This however, ignores the events lead up to this point, and you may decide to stay and fight or possibly stay and make friends. The mind selects a res ponse according to the sought after consequence, which is a natural part of every function we perform but is not a straightforward case of positive reinforcement.Carl R Rogers (1902-1987) was the give away of the humanistic approach to behaviour and like Maslow, he believed that there was naught bad rough human behaviour and that we are capable of red-blooded yield towards Self Actualisation. This means that we have the potential to reach issue and achieve warm relationships with others through acceptance and understanding of what we as humans are.In order to understand the actualising tendency, Rogers claims that we should firstly be congruent, meaning that we should be aware of our inner feelings and accept them as a part of our nature. In this respect, what we express from those feelings is pure and true. Secondly, we should be able to empathise with our fellow man, in that we can understand what everything means to them from their point of view, as if we were in their pi ece. Thirdly, we should be able to convey unconditional positive regard, meaning that we should be able to accept things as they are and who our fellow man is, without judicial decision or prejudice and without placing conditions upon their worth.These are three essential ingredients for healthy growth towards being a fully functioning person. Obviously, with an approach such as this, there is little room for negative feelings such as aggression. Because of this positive force for healthy growth, Rogers believed that aggression could possibly be a result of a state of incongruence, where we may feel conflict between our reason datum of self and our ideal self (like Freuds ego and superego) ie. When we become aware of our own set of values but are told by our parents to respect their set of values, taught to us previously, and the use of conditional regard is applied to execute those values. This couldpossibly cause aggression by way of retaliation. However, he would not see aggr ession as inevitable or even an take over response, only as a possible response.Rogers theory opposes Freuds in that aggression is inevitable. However, these two approaches are similar in that they both believe that aggression is a result of conflict in the mind Rogers sense of self and the ideal self are similar to Freuds ego and superego. However, Rogers argues that we are not doomed as Freud views it. Rogers, who was optimistic about human nature, believed that alternatively than trying to repress the desires and needs that aggression demands, a self-actualised person would see that aggression is a part of our nature and that acceptance of it, along with all other feelings, serve to help us grow healthily in the way of a fully functioning person. As a humanist, Rogers believed that to try to hide from what is inherently a part of us is worthless and the only approach to make is that of acceptance in order to believe in ourselves. He also recognised that aggression could be a healthy behaviour, as in competition.Freuds view that aggression is a common human characteristic does not constitute proof that it is innate. His views on catharsis as being a way of controlling the drives also lack support, and indeed support from one of his earlier disciples, Alfred Alder. With regard to aggression being innate and inherent, is aggression the result of genetics, or is it simply an absolve we use for violent behaviour? Could the answer lie in our environment and what we learn from it? Experiments performed by behaviourists such as Skinner have proved this, but do they call all the answers? Is man born a completely blank slate? If that is the case, why do we keep messing up? Is this what Skinner meant when he maintained that man takes immediate gratification rather than looking at the long-term consequences?The different approaches of Freud and Skinner offer enkindle theories about the sources of aggression. Take violence on the television for instance. Freud m ay have considered this as a cathartic experience thus reducing the drive of aggression by way of siphoning off the built up storm as discussed earlier. On the other hand however, Skinner wouldconsider that violence on the television would serve to condition us to be more violent and therefore increase aggression.In conclusion, it seems that each approach holds some validity whilst there is still room for further research. Freud discussed aggression and its source at great length but did not really offer any sound evidence about how to reduce it. Neither did he encourage further research into collecting more information about it. Skinner, on the other hand, had rather strong opinions about how to deal with aggression but offered little information as to its source.Rogers had little to say about what aggression actually is but whilst his opinions on how to deal with it seemed realistic and acceptable, his theory, like Freuds, offers no real proof. However, early as these theories we re, they did offer some priceless contributions to the theory of aggression. Theories which have developed over the years and are continue to do so, even though the reasons for aggression, and indeed all other human emotions, still elude us, remaining continually beyond scientific explanation.BIBLIOGRAPHYGlassman, William E (2000)Approaches to Psychology (3rd Edition)Buckingham and Philadelphia USA Open University PressReber, Arthur A and Emily (2001)The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (Third Edition)London, Penguin Books LtdNye, Robert D (1975)Three Psychologies Perspectives from Freud, Skinner and Rogers (Fourth Edition)California, Brooks/Cole (Wadsworth Inc)http//www.goldenessays.com/free_essays/3/psychology/human_aggression.shtml (accessed 30 12 2002)http//www.term-papers.u/ts/gb/pnl141.shtml (accessed 30 12 2002)www.stolaf.edu/people/ whiff/classes/intro/skinner.html (accessed 30 12 2002)http//www.free_termpapers.com/tp/37/pko72.shtml (accessed 30 12 2002)http//www.free_term papers.com/tp/37/pnl135.shtml (accessed 30 12 2002)